A Simple Guide To Mastering Russian Adjectives

As you learn Russian, do you ever find yourself repeating the same Russian words and phrases over and over again? 

Do you feel your Russian is a bit bland and lifeless?

It’s something every new Russian learner experiences. You’ve finally mastered the fundamentals of Russian and you’re able to hold a conversation.

But you struggle to express yourself with nuance and colour. Almost as if you’re speaking “dumbed-down” Russian, rather than the majestic, eloquent language of Pushkin and Tolstoy.

What’s missing?

Adjectives.

Adjectives are words that add colour and expression to a language, and in this article, you’re going to learn all about how they work in Russian.

You'll learn about:

• Russian adjectives and noun agreement
• Normal Russian adjectives
• Adjectives with the ‘soft ending’
• Short adjectives
• Adjectives that act as nouns

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Why Adjectives Matter

As beginner in Russian, most of the key vocabulary words you learn are nouns and verbs.

Nouns tell about who or what is doing something, while verbs tell us about the action taking place.

And you might think that that’s all you need.

But what if you want to really express yourself more clearly?

Think of how much more interesting each of this phrases becomes when you add in an adjective:

• A case -> A curious case
• Heat-> Intense heat
• Rain -> Horrendous rain

Adjectives give us details and describe a particular situation. So, learning Russian adjectives means being able to express your ideas more fully and eloquently. With that in mind, these are words you’re going to want to know to speak Russian like a pro. 

Russian Adjectives: An Overview

Adjectives in Russian take the same role they do in English. They add more description to a noun. Most often, a Russian adjective comes before the noun it describes.

• Большой кот (big cat)
• Рослая учительница (tall teacher)

So what makes Russian adjectives different?

Simply put – word agreement. The Russian language utilises a lot of word agreement. Past tense verbs match the gender and number of their subject and present tense verbs conjugate in order to agree with the subject. You find that same kind of word-matching with adjectives.

Russian adjectives will agree with their noun in gender, case, and number.

That means if a noun is masculine, singular, and in the nominative case, then so is the adjective before it.

• Большой кот
  • (big cat)
    • masc, sing, nominative
• Рослая учительница
  • (tall teacher)
    • fem, sing, nominative
• белому вину
  • (white wine)
    • neut, sing, dative
• Великие истины
  • (great truths)
    • fem, plural, accusative

Just so you know, you’ll often see adjectives presented in their ‘dictionary form’ which means the masculine, singular, nominative form. However, as you already know, the endings will change quite often.

Sidenote: There's also a tiny set of about 20 adjectives that do not decline, but these words are quite uncommon, so you don’t need to worry about them!

Regular Adjectives – Long Adjectives

The Russian language has two kinds of adjectives – short and long. Short adjectives generally come after the noun, while long adjectives come before. Long are by far the most common, so let’s start there.

Look at the following sentence and see how each time the word новый is used, the ending changes. This is to agree with the case, gender, and number of the noun.

• Новый писатель написал новую книгу в новом здании. (The new writer wrote a new book in the new building)

So let’s take a look at the different forms of Russian adjectives with новый as an example. 

			Masc	Fem	Neut	Plural
		Nom	новый	новая	новое	новые
		Gen	нового	новой	нового	новых
		Dat	новому	новой	новому	новым
		Acc	новый/нового	новую	новое	новые
		Inst	новым	новой	новым	новыми
		Prep	новом	новой	новом	новых

The table above may seem complex at first glance, but it’s easier than it looks. That's because many of these forms repeat.

In fact, masculine and neuter adjectives are identical to each other in four out of six cases and feminine adjectives use the same ending four times. You might have noticed something else. 

There is only one set of endings for all plural adjectives. 

That means you only need one set of endings for any plural noun regardless of gender.

Different Kinds Of Long Adjectives

The majority of Russian adjectives follow the same pattern as новый and end with -ый -ая -ое -ые.  However, due to Russian spelling rules the ы switches to и after certain letters (г, к, х, ж, ч, ш, щ and ц). 

So the word for “Russian” is русский and NOT русскый. Aside from this, these adjectives are the same.

			Masc	Fem	Neut	Plural
		Nom	русской	русская	русское	русские
		Gen	русского	русской	русского	русских
		Dat	русскому	русской	русскому	русским
		Acc	русский/русского	русскую	русское	русские
		Inst	русским	русской	русским	русскими
		Prep	русском	русской	русском	русских

Additionally when the final syllable is stressed, the ending is -ой, as in большой (big) or какой (which). This doesn’t actually change the words very much though.

			Masc	Fem	Neut	Plural
		Nom	большой	большая	большое	большие
		Gen	большого	большой	большого	больших
		Dat	большому	большой	большому	большим
		Acc	большой/большого	большую	большое	большие
		Inst	большим	большой	большим	большими
		Prep	большом	большой	большом	больших

Soft-Ending Adjectives In Russian

About forty adjectives in Russian have some ending with soft (мягкий) endings. Most of these end with -ний and are quite common like последний (last) синий (dark blue) and дальний (far).

The ending letters are the same as other adjectives, but the connecting letter is an ‘е’ rather than an ‘о’ and the feminine nominative ending becomes -яя.

			Masc	Fem	Neut	Plural
		Nom	синий	синяя	синее	синие
		Gen	синего	синей	синего	синих
		Dat	синему	синей	синему	синим
		Acc	синий/синего	синею	синее	синие
		Inst	синим	синей	синим	синими
		Prep	синем	синей	синем	синих

Russian Short Adjectives

While you can use long adjectives in Russian for almost anything, short adjectives have much more limited use. They are only used when saying how something is, was or will be.

What does that mean? In the sentence below, you can see a long adjective великие and a short adjective просты. The long adjective comes before the noun and describes the subject.

However, the short adjective comes after the verb and gives new information about the subject.

• Великие истины просты (Great truths are simple)

Because of their limited use, Russian short adjectives only appear in the nominative case. As such, you only have to learn a few forms.

To form short adjectives in Russian, there are two easy paths.

You simply remove the final letters from the long forms.

			Masc	Fem	Neut	Plural
		Новый (new)	Нов	нова	ново	новы
		Живой (alive)	Жив	жива	живо	живы

If the adjective ends in -ный or -ний, remove it and replace it with -ен, -на, -но and -ны.

			Masc	Fem	Neut	Plural
		Важный (important)	важен	важна	важно	важны

You’ll see the short adjectives in generalized saying and expressions.

• Жизнь трудна (Life is hard)
• Любовь слепа (Love is blind)

You’ll also see them used to describe temporary or new conditions.

• Река спокойна (The river is calm (at the moment))
• Он счастлив (He’s happy (now))

Russian Adjectives Acting As Nouns

Russian uses adjectival nouns Субстантивы (substantivy). This shouldn’t come as any surprise though since we do the exact same thing in English.

• The Whites invaded (the White army)
• Take out the empties (the empty bottles)

Sometimes these substantivy are used because a word has been removed. For example, Столовая (dining room) is the shortened version of Столовая комната.

Many substantives are both nouns and adjectives with different, and often related, meanings. For example, let’s look at the word учёный. As an adjective, it can mean “academic” or “learned.” However, it can also act as a noun meaning “scholar” or “scientist.”

The good thing about substantives is that you don’t have to learn any new rules with them. They simply act like adjectives and use the declensions previously mention. In fact, they may be easier than other Russian nouns since their gender is obvious from the ending.

• Ни́щий (beggar (masc))
• Пивна́я (pub (fem))
• Насеко́мое (insect (neut))

Using Russian Adjectives

At the end of the day, Russian adjectives aren’t too bad and have the same role as English adjectives.

The main thing is to remember to have the adjective ending match the noun. There are a few tricky parts, but with a bit of practice, you won’t even notice.

So how do you make those Russian adjectives second nature? Well, by applying the StoryLearning® method and immersing yourself in Russian books and Russian short stories.

As you read, you'll start to absorb the Russian adjectives and their endings naturally. Before long, you'll find yourself using them in your own Russian sentences to add a bit of flair.

Удача из удач (best of luck)!